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Calendar 366 Ii 2 0 5

Outlook puts you in control of your privacy. We help you take charge with easy-to-use tools and clear choices. We’re transparent about data collection and use so you can make informed decisions. We don’t use your email, calendar, or other personal content to target ads to you. When we collect. View Presentation1.pptx from FINANCE 30173 at Bocconi University. Useful life All cash flows are expressed in nominal terms; all numbers are in US dollars ($). The salvage value forecasted for. The year 2020 is a leap year, with 366 days in total. Calendar type: Gregorian calendar; Calendar shown with Monday as first day of week. Change to Sunday. THOI SU DUONG DAI HAI 05-18-20 P3.

The International Fixed Calendar (also known as the Cotsworth plan, the Cotsworth calendar and the Eastman plan) is a proposed calendar reform designed by Moses B. Cotsworth, first presented in 1902.[1] The solar calendar divides the year into 13 months of 28 days each. A type of perennial calendar, every date is fixed to the same weekday every year. Though never officially adopted in any country, entrepreneur George Eastman applied it at Eastman Kodak Company, where it was used from 1928 to 1989.[2] While sometimes described as the13-month calendar or the equal-month calendar, various alternative calendar designs share these features.

Rules[edit]

The calendar year has 13 months with 28 days each, divided into exactly 4 weeks (13 × 28 = 364). An extra day added as a holiday at the end of the year (after December 28, i.e. equal December 31 Gregorian), sometimes called 'Year Day', does not belong to any week and brings the total to 365 days. Each year coincides with the corresponding Gregorian year, so January 1 in the Cotsworth calendar always falls on Gregorian January 1.[3] Twelve months are named and ordered the same as those of the Gregorian calendar, except that the extra month is inserted between June and July, and called Sol. Situated in mid-summer (from the point of view of its Northern Hemisphere authors) and including the mid-year solstice, the name of the new month was chosen in homage to the sun.[4]

Leap years in the International Fixed Calendar contain 366 days, and its occurrence follows the Gregorian rule. There is a leap year in every year whose number is divisible by 4, but not if the year number is divisible by 100, unless it is also divisible by 400. So although the year 2000 was a leap year, the years 1700, 1800, and 1900 were common years. The International Fixed Calendar inserts the extra day in leap years as June 29 - between Saturday June 28 and Sunday Sol 1.

Each month begins on a Sunday, and ends on a Saturday; consequently, every year begins on Sunday. Neither Year Day nor Leap Day are considered to be part of any week; they are preceded by a Saturday and are followed by a Sunday.

All the months look like this:

Days of the weekLeap Day
in June
on leap years,
or Year Day
in December
SunMonTueWedThuFriSat
1234567
891011121314
15161718192021
2223242526272829

The following shows how the 13 months and extra days of the International Fixed Calendar occur in relation to the dates of the Gregorian calendar:

Fixed calendar
month
Matching dates on the Gregorian calendar
Starts on fixed day 1Ends on fixed day 28 (or 29)
JanuaryJanuary 1January 28
FebruaryJanuary 29February 25
MarchFebruary 26March 25*
AprilMarch 26*April 22*
MayApril 23*May 20*
JuneMay 21*June 17*
June 17 (Leap Day)
SolJune 18July 15
JulyJuly 16August 12
AugustAugust 13September 9
SeptemberSeptember 10October 7
OctoberOctober 8November 4
NovemberNovember 5December 2
DecemberDecember 3December 30
December 31 (Year Day)

*These Gregorian dates between March and June are a day earlier in a Gregorian leap year. March in the Fixed Calendar always has a fixed number of days (28), and includes the Gregorian February 29 (on Gregorian leap years).

History[edit]

Lunisolar calendars, with fixed weekdays, existed in many ancient cultures, with certain holidays always falling on the same dates of the month and days of the week.

The simple idea of a 13-month perennial calendar has been around since at least the middle of the 18th century. How to minimize using keyboard. Versions of the idea differ mainly on how the months are named, and the treatment of the extra day in leap year.

The 'Georgian calendar' was proposed in 1745 by Reverend Hugh Jones, an American colonist from Maryland writing under the pen name Hirossa Ap-Iccim.[5] The author named the plan, and the thirteenth month, after King George II of Great Britain. The 365th day each year was to be set aside as Christmas. The treatment of leap year varied from the Gregorian rule, however, and the year would begin closer to the winter solstice. In a later version of the plan, published in 1753, the 13 months were all renamed for Christian saints.

In 1849 the French philosopher Auguste Comte (1798–1857) proposed the 13-month Positivist Calendar, naming the months: Moses, Homer, Aristotle, Archimedes, Caesar, St Paul, Charlemagne, Dante, Gutenberg, Shakespeare, Descartes, Frederic and Bichat. The days of the year were likewise dedicated to 'saints' in the Positivist Religion of Humanity. Positivist weeks, months, and years begin with Monday instead of Sunday. Comte also reset the year number, beginning the era of his calendar (year 1) with the Gregorian year 1789. For the extra days of the year not belonging to any week or month, Comte followed the pattern of Ap-Iccim (Jones), ending each year with a festival on the 365th day, followed by a subsequent feast day occurring only in leap years.

Whether Moses Cotsworth was familiar with the 13-month plans that preceded his International Fixed Calendar is not known. He did follow Ap-Iccim (Jones) in designating the 365th day of the year as Christmas. His suggestion was that this last day of the year should be designated a Sunday, and hence, because the following day would be New Year's Day and a Sunday also, he called it a Double Sunday.[6] Since Cotsworth's goal was a simplified, more 'rational' calendar for business and industry, he would carry over all the features of the Gregorian calendar consistent with this goal, including the traditional month names, the week beginning on Sunday (still traditionally used in US, but uncommon in most other countries and in the ISO (International Organization for Standardization) week standard, starting their weeks on Monday), and the Gregorian leap-year rule.

To promote Cotsworth's calendar reform the International Fixed Calendar League was founded in 1923, just after the plan was selected by the League of Nations as the best of 130 calendar proposals put forward.[7]Sir Sandford Fleming, the inventor and driving force behind worldwide adoption of standard time, became the first president of the IFCL.[8] The League opened offices in London and later in Rochester, New York. George Eastman, of the Eastman Kodak Company, became a fervent supporter of the IFC, and instituted its use at Kodak. The International Fixed Calendar League ceased operations shortly after the calendar plan failed to win final approval of the League of Nations in 1937.[9]

Advantages[edit]

The several advantages of the International Fixed Calendar are mainly related to its organization.

  • The subdivision of the year is very regular and systematic:
    • Each month has exactly 4 weeks (28 days).
    • Every day of the month falls on the same weekday in each month (e.g. the 17th always falls on a Tuesday).
    • Every year has exactly 52 weeks divided in 13 months.
  • The calendar is the same every year (perennial), unlike the annual Gregorian calendar, which differs from year to year. Hence, scheduling is easier for institutions and industries with extended production cycles.
  • Movable holidays celebrated on the nth certain weekday of a month, such as U.S. Thanksgiving day, would be able to have a fixed date while keeping their traditional weekday.
  • Statistical comparisons by months are more accurate, since all months contain exactly the same number of business days and weekends, likewise for comparisons by 13-week quarters.
  • Supporters of the International Fixed Calendar have argued that thirteen equal divisions of the year are superior to twelve unequal divisions in terms of monthly cash flow in the economy.[10]

Disadvantages[edit]

  • While each quarter would be equal in length (13 weeks), thirteen is a prime number, thus placing all activities currently done on a biannually, triannually, or quarterly basis out of alignment with the months.
  • Some Jewish and Christian leaders opposed the calendar, as their tradition of worshiping every seventh day would result in either the day of the week of worship changing from year to year, or eight days passing when Year Day or Leap Day occurs.[11]
  • The calendar disagrees with ISO 8601 regarding the first weekday of the week (Sunday vs. Monday), and major parts of the world would have to change what their first weekday of the week is.
  • Birthdays, significant anniversaries, and other holidays would need to be recalculated as a result of a calendar reform, and would always be on the same day of the week. This could be problematic for public holidays that would fall on non-working days under the new system. For example, if a public holiday is celebrated on January 8, then under the International Fixed Calendar that holiday would always fall on a Sunday, which is already a non-working day, so compensatory leave would have to be given each year on January 9, which would essentially change the date of the holiday. This would be especially significant for any holidays or recurring events that take place on the 29th, 30th, or 31st days of the month (like Halloween on October 31) where a new date would have to be determined.
  • A vast amount of administrative data (and the software that manages it) would have to be corrected/adjusted for the new system, potentially having to support both the IFC and the standard local time keeping systems for a period of time.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^Moses B. Cotsworth, The rational almanac: tracing the evolution of modern almanacs from ancient ideas of time, and suggesting improvements (Acomb, England:Cotsworth, 1905)
  2. ^Exhibit at George Eastman House, viewed June 2008
  3. ^See the table in Cotsworth, Rational Almanac, p. i.
  4. ^Cotsworth suggested 'Mid' as an alternative name. See his address in Royal Society of Canada, Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, 3d series, vol. II (Ottawa: James Hope & Son, 1908), pp. 211-41 at 231.
  5. ^Hirossa Ap-Iccim, 'An Essay on the British Computation of Time, Coins, Weights, and Measures'The Gentleman's Magazine, 15 (1745): 377-379
  6. ^Cotsworth, The Rational Almanac, Page i
  7. ^Duncan Steel, Marking Time: The Epic Quest to Invent the Perfect Calendar (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2000), page 309
  8. ^Moses Bruine Cotsworth, Calendar Reform (London: The International Fixed Calendar League, 1927), Preface.
  9. ^Journal of Calendar Reform volume 16, number 4 (1944): 165-66
  10. ^See Frank Parker Stockbridge, 'New Calendar by 1933-Eastman,' Popular Science Monthly (June 1929): 32, 131-33; and George Eastman, 'The Importance of Calendar Reform to the World of Business,' Nation's Business (May 1926): p. 42, 46.
  11. ^Benjamin J. Elton (February 24, 2012). 'Calendar Reform and Joseph Herman Hertz'. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Retrieved October 4, 2019.

External links[edit]

  • Article about the Cotsworth Calendar of George Eastman.
  • Website of the NUCAL New Universal Calendar Project.
  • Historic documents of the International Fixed Calendar League.
  • Website of the Fixed Calendar CAL13
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Fixed_Calendar&oldid=1005091228'

Calendar apps on your Mac help you enhance your productivity. You can plan your day, week, month, and year to achieve your professional goals. Turbotax premier 2015 download free. Moreover, these apps also help you manage your personal life. Manage all your events, assignments, appointments, and reminders with the best calendar apps for Mac.

1. Informant

The informant has bundled your task planning, notes, and calendar in a single app. On your Mac, you can easily manage everything with this single organizer.

Trusted by more than one million users, the app is pretty and smart with features like color coding and emoticons.

When you integrate your tasks in calendar views, you get clear ideas of how your day looks and goes ahead. Focus View is a unique feature of Informant. This feature allows you to pay close attention to a single day at a time. Moreover, there are customizable sections to help you see groups of tasks.

With a strong task manager, you can create projects, use sub-tasks, and manage tasks. The addition of Franklin-style priorities is a remarkable achievement.

Price: $49.99
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2. Calendar 366 II

Calendar 366 II is arguably the most complete menu bar calendar for your Mac. Organize your events, reminders, appointments, meetings, to-dos, deadlines, birthdays, and more.

Individual display and themes are notable features. You can select your preferences according to year, month, week, or day. Next create your list or agenda, and color code from light red to dark to the darkest blue.

For any common user, natural text input is a boon. This feature quickly creates events without using any drop-down menu. For example, you can simply write: “Meeting with the designer team tomorrow at 11:00 am.”

Once you create events, you can find or search them with equal ease. And make changes in your events, add attachments, or notes.

Price: $14.99
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3. Fantastical – Calendar & Tasks

Fantastical shows a full calendar window having, day, month, year views. You can instantly turn on/off multiple calendars with a click.

Setting up a meeting in a different city? Then, you have a feature for the location-based reminder. How about adding a few lines to events? Yes, you can add event notes to help you recall your thoughts as well. What’s more, use the dark and light themes to add some fine customization.

Price: Free (In-app Purchases start from $4.99)
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4. Mini Calendar

As the name suggests, this one is a lightweight calendar application that’s a breeze to use. It’s super handy as it’s a small popup that appears on your screen whenever you need it without having to access your full calendar. Biggest video poker jackpots.

Some notable features include a configurable menu bar item that displays the date, time, day of the week or just an icon with the date. You can also add it to your desktop and in the Dock. Best of all, it’s completely free without any in-app purchases.

Price: Free
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5. Planner Pro

Aiming to organize your daily life better, Planner Pro can be your ideal companion. The app is built with a number of effective features that help arrange tasks efficiently. You can instantly add, edit, and remove events. Besides, you will be able to modify meetings’ timings without any hassle.

For each task, you can create various notes and set them based on priority. To manage tasks a little better, you can set reminders. Don’t want anyone to bump into your secret events? You can hide them to keep special events confidential.

Price: $24.99
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6. Any.do

Organize your life and get more done with this calendar and to-do list app that’s trusted by millions of users around the world. It syncs seamlessly between your mobile, computer, web, and tablet to have your tasks, reminders, to-do lists, calendar, and schedule up-to-date at all times.

Further, you can even collaborate and get more done with any other person using shared lists and assigned tasks. It comes with a powerful widget that lets you have your calendar and to-do list always at hand for easy access. It also supports voice-entry and cross-platform usage for reminders.

Price: Free
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7. InstaCal

InstaCal is simple but pretty neat regarding functionality. You can instantly open this app using a configurable keyboard shortcut. Then, you will view your calendars and configure them.

It allows you to use any calendar apps which you have added to your Mac. For instance, it works with Google Calendar, Outlook, Office 365, and more. Besides, you can use customizable calendar colors to make the interface more appealing.

Price: $4.99
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8. Calendars

Calendars app is your one-stop solution to access your events, weather information, Google, Facebook, birthdays, and more. This app surely saves your time as you are not supposed to check your emails and Facebook feed separately. A great boost to your productivity at the office and home.

Facebook integration in Calendars is a praiseworthy move as you can check birthdays of your loved ones with a single click. Moreover, you can check events you are invited to and friends who are going to attend the events. The app also gives you weather forecasts for up to 15 days. Now plan your day or week much in advance!

Price: Free (In-app Purchases start from $0.99)
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9. EzyCal

Want to be highly productive? EzyCal helps you organize your daily tasks, meetings, be it social or professional, and manage them immaculately. Since it is a Gregorian calendar, it will let you use natural language event and set reminders with beautiful calendar views.

You can effortlessly add events and make to-do lists to remain ahead of the time. Keep track of your activities. Apply vibrant colors to highlight key sessions. How about altering the size? Yes, you can have various screen sizes to have a comfy look at your agenda.

Calendar 366 Ii Review

Price: $2.99
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10. Microsoft Outlook

Microsoft Outlook combines email and calendar to make your office life easier. Making the most of Microsoft 365, this app helps you access your emails, files, calendar events, and contacts across all accounts. On top of this, personalized inbox and calendar let you prioritize your tasks.

You can check multiple calendars at once and place your commitments in the right order. Just keep your favorite people front and center with calendar, contacts, and email.

A smart worker, Microsoft Outlook automatically adds your travel, bill payments, and reservations to your calendar.

Price: Free (In-app Purchases start from $69.99)
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That’s all, friends!

What is your plan?

Calendar 366 Ii 2 0 501

Individually, people like to use calendar apps on their iOS devices. However, when in office, they prefer everything on a larger screen of Mac. Therefore, this updated list of calendar apps was long due. Which calendar app do you use on your Mac? Share your feedback with us in the comments below.

Jignesh Padhiyar is the co-founder of iGeeksBlog.com who has a keen eye for news, rumors and all the unusual stuff that happens around Apple products. During his tight schedule, Jignesh finds some moments of respite to share side-splitting contents on social media.

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